What is Cancer II Cancer awareness Month

What is Cancer?

Cancer is a malignant neoplastic disorder that can involve all body organs with manifestations that vary according to the body system affected and type of tumor cells.

Cells lose their normal growth-controlling mechanism, and the growth of cells is uncontrolled.

Cancer produces serious health problems such as impaired immune and hematopoietic (blood-producing) function, altered gastrointestinal tract structure and function, motor and sensory deficits, and decresed respiratory function. 

Metastasis

Cancer cells move from their orginal location to other sites. 

Routes of metastasis

    • Local seeding: Distribution of shed cancer cells occurs in the local area of the primary tumor
    • Blood-borne metastasis: Tunor cells enter the blood, which is the most common cause of cancer spread. 
    • Lymphatic spread: Primarys sites rich in lymphatics are more susceptible to early metastatic spread

Common sites of Metastasis

  • Bladder Cancer

  1. Lung
  2. Bone
  3. Liver
  4. Pelvic, retroperitoneal structures

 

  •  Brain Tumors 

  1. Central nervous system 

 

  • Breast Cancer

  1. Bone
  2. Lungs
  3. Brain
  4. Liver 

 

  • Colorectal Cancer

  1. Liver

 

  • Lung Cancer

  1. Brain
  2. Liver

 

  •  Prostate Cancer

  1.  Bone
  2. Spine
  3. Lung
  4. Liver
  5. Kidneys 

 

  •  Testicular Cancer

  1. Lung
  2. Bone
  3. Liver
  4. Adrenal Glands
  5. Retroperitoneal lymph nodes 

 

Grading and Staging

Grading

  • Grade I: Cells differ slightly from normal cells and are well-differentiated (mild dysplasia)
  • Grade II: Cells are more abnormal and are moderately differentiated (moderate dysplasia)
  • Grade III: Cells are very abnormal and are poorly differentiated (severe dysplasia) 
  • Grade IV: Cells are immune (anaplasia) and undifferentiated; cell of origin is difficult to determine. 

Staging

  • Stage 0: Carcinoma in situ
  • Stage I: Tumor limited to the tissue of origin; localized tumor growth
  • Stage II: Limited local spread
  • Stage III: Extensive local and regional spread
  • Stage IV: Distant metastasis

 

Warning Signs of Cancer 

  • C - Change in bowel or bladder habits

  •  A- Any sore that doesn't heal

  •  U- Unusual bleeding or discharge

  •  T- Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere

  •  I- Indigestion

  •  O- Obvious change in wart or mole

  •  N- Nagging cough or hoarseness 

 

 

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